Use of Excessive Force by Police :: Police Law Legal Force Essays

Use of Excessive Force by Police Introduction: Police officers are given a significant amount of discretion simply due to the nature of the job. Officers are faced with many threatening situations forcing them to react quickly yet appropriately. They have the power to infringe upon any citizen's rights to freedom and therefore they must use this power effectively. One major concern with the amount of discretion officers have is their power to decide when to use force or when to use lethal force. Manning (1997:295) argues that it is generally accepted that police should be allowed to use force. He also explains that there is an uncertainty among people as to what constitutes excessive force. The line between what is necessary and what is extreme is very thin. Use of force is no doubt one important aspect in policing; however, force should also be used with great discretion. If officers do not use force on every suspect they encounter they may be creating a negative environment for the community. The community policing style is defined by David M. Allender as (2004:18-19), ?Community policing is a philosophy of full-service, personalized policing where the same officer patrols and works in the same area on a permanent basis, from a decentralized place, working in a proactive partnership with citizens to identify and solve problems.? The most important factors to community policing include personalization, partnership and problem-solving (Allender, 2004:19). The idea is to create a relationship with citizens that is trustworthy and honest. When officers begin to use force to control the community, citizens began to view officers as authority figures instead of service officers that are there to protect and serve. This results in a break down of the relationship between officers and the community. In community policing force should only be used if other efforts are deemed ineffective. The use of force can pertain many different actions a police officer participates in. Force can range from simply verbal commands to the dangerous use of lethal force. Police no doubt need to have discretion to use force to protect themselves as well as community. Guidelines need to be set so that officers continue to incorporate and maintain the concept of community policing. The purpose of this article is to inform readers that police discretion not only encompasses use of police profiling, responses to domestic violence, or choices in acceptance of gratuities but discretionary decision to use force.

Nuclear Weapons :: Threats To World Peace

Nuclear Weapons   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the beginning The Atomic Bomb was constructed to end a war and save lives. Since that time fear and power have risen because of the threat of world destruction. Coming from Los Alamos, New Mexico a town that makes nuclear weapons I have a different view than most. In Los Alamos we always have protesters with big signs calling the scientist, that work at The Los Alamos National Laboratory, killers. Now when I drive by and see these signs I can not help but think of my father, stepmother, and all my neighbors, all of my friends’ parents as being killers. I know and love these people and to see them called killers is a strange concept to grasp. The following will discuss nuclear weapons and what the intended use is, where and how nuclear weapons became a problem, the effect it has had on the world, the problems it has caused, what is being done about the problems. Nuclear weapons are the backbone and liberator of our great country. To put a tool used to ins ure our great country on the backburner would be a great injustice and would put our country in grave danger.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many people ask why do we still need all of these weapons or killers as they are often referred to as? They think that we have enough already and what is the point of continuing the excess. Instead of thinking of nuclear weapons as killers we should be looking at them as lifesavers. In that light I think everyone would agree that you could not put a limit of the value of life. Everybody hears the statistics about the United States having enough weapons to blow the world up three times. This may be true, however as technology advances so do weapons and you can bet other countries are not settling for the weapons they already posses. If we were to stop the production of nuclear weapons we would be alone in that effort. When we have people like Sadam Hussain in the world, which we always will, we need the protection that only nuclear weapons can provide. If people think that trying to bargain with a man like Hussain without safety net is plausible then they are hugel y mistaken. It would be like using a typewriter instead of using a computer because we have an abundance of typewriters. â€Å"It would be wrong to assume that a broader conception of international security makes it easier to achieve the goal of nuclear abolition† (Cowen-Karp 6).

Function of E-Book Essay

Books are no doubt the main element in teaching and learning activities. As we all know printed books have already been used for a very long time. However in this modern era, books in electronic forms (eBooks) are taking place. EBooks had already been introduced not only for adults but children too. Finally, eBooks are already evolving slowly to take place in teaching and learning. A powerful stimulus for the production of a range of electronic instrument for education has been provided by the latest technology inventions. Numerous ideas and educational materials are invented and extensively published electronically to support the field of teaching and learning, however it is still unclear how far all of this is of use among the students and teachers when it comes to the virtual teaching and learning. Suggestions on how to improve the quality of the products and materials that are already available are still in great demand as the existing electronic books have not completely replaced the physical counterpart. The gap between utilitarian and usefulness is quite wide to prove the lack of effectiveness of the first generation of e-books, and the progress of e-books has been led majorly by technology instead of the user’s demand. In the education field, E-books can be found in various type of media instrument like CD-Rom, the internet and in any portable reading materials. Variety types of element are implemented in e-books, for example fiction and non-fiction. A textbook is a source of information on a particular subject. An electronic textbook on the other hand is almost the same but it is more special as e-textbook is an e-book that has a content of educational material for teaching and learning process. E-textbooks are now officially known as educational source that have already published electronically to help in both teaching and learning methods. They are ready to be used within a computer environment, through media such as internet or CD-ROM. In the early 1990s, the spread of educational multimedia was surprisingly very fast and it was proven by the people that it is more beneficial when converting printed publication into electronic form. Apart from that, it has been discussed that e-book is basically implemented to improve the process of studying outside the classroom, and as time goes by, a technological instrument was made where a powerful incentive is created to invent such electronic material for the students. It is better for the people to be updated to any information to learn by using e-book as printed books are always out-of-date and are only replaced with an average of eight years. Limitless and faster access to any latest news and information can be experienced via electronic learning (Hamilton et al., 2001). It was said that electronic education will benefit a lot of people because of its capability to enhance the co-operation and among the students and the teachers (Hambrecht, 2000). Apart from that, higher success rate can be seen. However more effort should be contributed towards promoting e-book among the new generations as financial support plays an important role in this matte (Wilson, 2003). Similar to the ordinary printed books, e-book helps the readers to understand and focus on important messages by underlining them and writing simple notes. In addition, e-books are user-friendly too as it is installed with portable dictionary program which made it easier to look up for unfamiliar words. E-book has definitely made the teaching and learning process to be more interesting than ever because the user get to watch clips and interact with a variety of specialities. It has been proven that the youngsters can gain a lot from the added applications (Maynard and McKnight, 2001). At schools, e-textbooks on the other hand will reduce the number of printed textbooks that not only burden both the teachers and students carrying them to-and-fro around the school compound. This enables the teacher to easily bring the notes including the exercises to be given to the student which thus increases the effectiveness of teaching. With the presence if the electronic book, space can be saved which particularly helps a lot in places mainly the libraries. Decades ago, e-books were not preferred because the prices were too high. In the year 2000, the production of e-books have became larger and the cost of each e-book is lowered (Mayfield, 2000). This indicates that a major procedure in promoting the usage of e-textbooks in school had been done. Another form of e-book, CD-ROM also known as the copy of the encyclopedia is also famous among the students nowadays. They can easily get copies of the syllabus of their subjects in order for them to study back at home and easily bring the topics for discussion among their peers. Another branch of e-book, Hypertextbooks is a famous instrument of interactive studying on the internet in the western country. This electronic file containing the learning materials enables the user to study at their own rhythm and the students will send their assignment to the respective person through email. This concludes that with the upgrading of the process of studying, the students will no longer have the reason not to send their assignments on time. Top of the information, at schools teachers will have no problem to control the class because the students will be more focused and enthusiastic to carry on with their assignments compared to the printed pages. Even though e-textbooks can contribute towards the improvement in assisting the process of teaching and learning, there are still factors that resist their acceptance such as the insufficient number of computers and labs and the low number of publishers. This signifies that e-book can help in the education field but the chance to make it a reality might prove problematic. According to Hambrecht’s theory, it is believed that e-education is potential in bringing the students and teachers to come together as one in order to enhance the class session’s activities (Hambrecht, 2000). The research about CD-ROM clarified that users will be more interested to learn and use their resources. The children especially, find that learning is more fun with the presence of beautiful graphics and sound effects. This thus motivates them to continue to learn more which in return will boost their thinking skills. Teachers on the other hand love this way of teaching as it is both entertaining and educational. The e-book users prefer to use this modern way of learning because of the more presentable format which brings a brand new perspective towards the people to experience a more lively way of reading especially the story book lovers. Children once exposed to the usage of e-book they will be used to electronic devices and in future, they will no longer rely on the old traditional method which is the printed book. Electronic texts are no doubt a passage for the generation to get an easy access in education for further study and analysis. The fertile ground for the improvement of teaching and learning, e-book, can benefit the generations greatly in terms of the enjoyment of interesting studying method. As a conclusion, the educators should look into this matter more clearly and make an effort to add electronic texts in their teachings if they haven’t start doing so. Cooperation among the parents and the educators are the key to success to make a change to the younger generations. This foundation will for sure end the upcoming obstacle in generating intellectual students. Reference Hambrecht, W. (2000), Exploring a New Frontier, Corporate E-Learning. Hamilton, R. , Richards, C. and Sharp, C. (2001), â€Å"An examination of e-learning and e-books†, available at: www. dcs. napier. ac. uk/ , mm/socbytes/jun2001/Jun2001_9. htm (accessed 20 November 2010) Mayfield, K. (2000), â€Å" Read a g ood e-textbook lately? †, Wired News, available at: www. wired. com/news/culture/0,1284,38059,00. html (accessed 12 November 2010). Maynard, S. and McKnight, C. (2001a), â€Å"Children’s comprehension of electronic books: an empirical study†, The New Review of Children’s Literature and Librarianship, Vol. 7, pp. 29-53. Maynard, S. and McKnight, C. (2001b), â€Å"Electronic books for children in UK public libraries†, The Electronic Library, Vol. 19 No. 6, pp. 405-23. Sally Maynard, Emily Cheyne, (2005) â€Å"Can electronic textbooks help children to learn? â€Å", Electronic Library, The, Vol. 23 Iss: 1, pp. 103 – 115. November,25, 2010 http://www. emeraldinsight. com/journals. htm? articleid=1464898 Wilson, R. (2003), â€Å"E-education in the UK†, Journal of Digital Information, Vol. 3 No. 4.

Ethics, What Is Ethics Essay

What Is Ethics? Ethics is the part of philosophy that deals with good and evil. Ethics tries to answer questions like: †¢What actions are good? What actions are evil? †¢How can we tell the difference? †¢Are good and evil the same for everyone? †¢How should we make hard decisions that might help or hurt other people? The Four main studies of ethics are; †¢Meta-ethics, about the theoretical meaning of moral propositions and ethical opinions; †¢Normative ethics, an abstract set of principles to distinguish right from wrong †¢Applied ethics, about how moral outcomes can be achieved in specific situations; †¢Descriptive ethics is the study of people’s beliefs about morality, what ethical beliefs people have; Ethics seeks to resolve questions dealing with human morality. Meta-ethics is a field within philosophy that seeks to understand the nature of normative ethics. The focus of meta-ethics is on how we understand, know about, and what we mean when we talk about what is right and what is wrong. It’s the mean of ethical opinions, but the opinions have to be justified. Normative ethics is the study of ethical action. It is the branch of philosophical ethics that investigates the set of questions that arise when considering how one ought to act, morally speaking. There are two types of normative ethics; Relativist and absolutist. Relativist ethics have flexible rules surrounding ethics so to get the best possible outcome for everyone where as with absolutist views, the rules are non negotiable, you must follow them no matter what the outcome. Applied ethics attempts to apply ethical theory to real-life situations. Applied ethics is used by individuals facing difficult decisions. The sort of questions addressed by applied ethics include: â€Å"Is getting an abortion immoral?† â€Å"Is euthanasia immoral?† â€Å"Is affirmative action right or wrong?† â€Å"What are human rights, and how do we determine them?† â€Å"Do animals have rights as well?† and â€Å"Do individuals have the right of self determination?† It is the study of human morals, and issues of moral concerns. Applied ethics are open to debate. Descriptive ethics are the ethical beliefs people actually have. Its examination of ethics doesn’t start with a preconceived theory, but it investigates observations of actual choices made by people in practice. Some philosophers rely on descriptive ethics and choices made and unchallenged by a society or culture to derive categories, which typically vary by context. This can lead to situational ethics and situated ethics. Utilitarianism; is an ethical theory that argues the proper course of action is one that maximizes overall â€Å"happiness†. Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill are influential supporters of this. Bentham says ‘it is the greatest happiness of the greatest number that is the measure of right and wrong’. This form of utilitarianism holds that what matters is the total happiness; the happiness of everyone and not the happiness of any particular person. John Stuart Mill, in his exposition of hedonistic utilitarianism, proposed a hierarchy of pleasures, meaning that the pursuit of certain kinds of pleasure is more highly valued than the pursuit of other pleasures. Deontology; deontological ethics or deontology (from Greek â€Å"duty†) is an approach to ethics that determines goodness or rightness from examining acts, or the rules and duties that the person doing the act tried to fulfil. In deontology, an act may be considered right even if the act produces a bad consequence if it follows the rule that â€Å"one should do unto others as they would have done unto them†, and even if the person who does the act lacks virtue and had a bad intention in doing the act. According to deontology, we have a duty to act in a way that does those things that are inherently good as acts, or follow an obligatory rule (as in rule utilitarianism). For deontologists, the ends or consequences of our actions are not important in and of themselves, and our intentions are not important in and of themselves.

Synthesis of Guernica

During the Spanish Civil War, a small Basque village was bombed by German troops. In April of 1937, Pablo Picasso paid tribute to the bombing by creating the painting, Guernica, which showed a horrible scene of corpses and disaster stricken community. In 1985, a replication of Guernica was donated to the United Nations headquarters in New York and was â€Å"hung outside in the Security Council chamber. † In February of 2003, councilmen gathered at the UN in order to hear US Secretary of State Colin Powell build the American case for war against Iraq.Before the procedure could begin, however, the replication was covered with â€Å"a blue curtain and flags of the council’s member countries,† under the notion that it â€Å"was simply a matter of creating a more effective backdrop for the television cameras. † Off the record, some UN officials believe that â€Å"the United States leaned on UN officials to cover the tapestry, rather than have it in the backgro und while Powell or other US diplomats argued for war on Iraq. † This situation relates directly to George Orwell’s 1984.The covering of Guernica is similar to the censorship Orwell condemns in 1984. (Source 4:Walsh) In 1984, everything was censored and citizens were not allowed to think for themselves. Their government, the Party, regulated every aspect of life, from working to sleeping. Everyone was under their control. Even children were taught to censor the things their parents did or said. The government also dictated what was seen in the media, which is how Guernica connects to 1984. The theme of the painting, Guernica, is war.To have this graphic tribute to the loss of innocent lives as the background for one’s speech justifying war is questionable. Just as the Party censored the media in 1984, UN officials were censoring what the public was seeing here. Why would they allow a painting that shows death, heartache, and loss to be the first thing the public saw? This would make the public question the motives of those speaking and make them wonder what there ulterior motives were for waging war against Iraq.If the Guernica would have remained the backdrop for the Secretary of State Colin Powell, the US would have been questioned by not only its citizens, but those of other countries also. When questioned, the US would have lost supporters and cooperation from its sister countries. This would have eventually led to bad relations between countries, which would have affected everyone greatly. In the end, politics is nothing more than a popularity contest.

CIPD Foundation CERTIFICATE in human resource Essay

The Human Resource Professional Map (HPRM) Activity 01 Introduction: The Human Resource Map (HRPM) was developed by the CIPD it was created by generalists and specialists within the CIPD/HR environments to explain how HR add value to any organisation within the UK and around the world. The (HRMP) is a guideline/benchmarked on line tool which can help individuals and organisations identify immediate and future development needs. The purpose of this (HRPM) is to capture the key skills required for the successful and effective Human Resource Function. The HRPM gives direction and shows what needs to be done, what the individual needs to know and do to go forward in the development of a professional/personal career adventure. The (HRPM) has 3 main areas which have been summarised in table 01 with a brief overview 10 Professional areas – includes the 2 core Professional areas (listed in brief overview 1,2) Insights strategy, and solutions Leading and managing. The remaining eight Organisational design, resource and talent planning, Performance and reward, Employee relations, Organisational development, learning and talent development, employee engagement, Service delivery and information. 1. Insight strategy and solutions- This is the heart of the (HRPM) Deep understanding/support of the business/industry is required. Ability to provide good solutions/insights/plans of action, aligning business and HR strategy. 2. Leading and Managing the (HR) Function. Here active leadership is key. Great emphasis on people, culture and change. Providing active insight led leadership owning, shaping and driving themselves and others. Managing budgets/finance/design and development. Resource/talent planning The above two core areas apply to all practitioners no matter where they are placed on the 4 bands. The above two core areas extend across the eight other areas. 8 Behaviours Curious, Decisive thinker, Skilled influencer, Personally credible, Collaborative, Driven to deliver, Courage to challenge, Role model Shows how work activities should be carried out. 8 specific behaviours that HR professionals need to develop. These are the relevant/necessary skills required throughout every stage of the HR career path. Linked to the 4 bands and each transition stage. 4 bands and Transitions Band 01- Support admin/process, is customer orientated. Band 02- Advise/manage HR issues. Band 03- lead/consult, address HR/organisational change. Band 04 – Lead and manage professional areas of the business. Area of competence defines what Practitioners need to do to progress through the bands. Band one for people at the start of the career scale and moves up to band four for a more senior Practitioner band level. Conclusion The HRPM is a valuable tool to identify immediate and future development needs. It is relevant and applicable to HR practitioners operating anywhere in the world in all sectors/organisations of any shape or size. It sets the highest standards of professional competence for all organisations. Activity: 1.1 Identify a Professional Area from either Band 01 or 02 HR Administrator Role Introduction: This activity will examine and discuss what an HR Administrator does. It will explain that there is no set rule as to what behaviours to use with any one particular role. It really does depend on many process variables within the organisations for example the size of the organisation, the culture, management style, the responsibilities of the role; this can be different in public/private sector organisations. In some small companies there may not be an HR organisation; and the responsibility of HR matters will be captured by line managers and business owners. HR covers a large variety of roles and activities; the 2 core areas insight strategy and solutions and leading and managing apply to all HR professionals no matter where they are placed within the four bands. These two core areas will always extend across the eight other areas. The range and scope of HR activities is very vast and can show an enormous range and variation across the business units, organisation, industries and societies. This is why you will need a wide range of skills for most HR professional roles. A broad sense of business knowledge, each role has its own special requirement beyond the general skill set. Someone taking on an entry level job in HR may not be expected to have all the specific knowledge, but must be ready to learn it quickly or be in targeted training courses. We will now look at the most essential activities, skills and knowledge required to work in band 02 within in the role of HR Administrator: Job Descriptions: For every staff position within an organisation there must be a corresponding job description/job specification and person specification. In this instance we will be looking at the job description only for the HR administration role. This document provides an understanding of the position and accurately and fully describes the role. The job description will identify the skills, knowledge and abilities necessary to perform the (HR Administration role) at band level 02. We know from looking at the above HRPM map summary that the skills for the HR administrator role that we are using for this activity comes under band 02 at this level staff will advise or manage HR related issues. Also again depending on which role is being carried out within the HR area for example the behaviours deemed essential for an HR administrator at band level 02 Talent and development would be: 1. Drive to deliver 2. Personally credible 3. Curious HR Administrator will work to ensure values, behaviours, expectations flow through the organisations procedures, process and intranet and other systems of communication. Activity: 1.1 HR Administrator will work to ensure values, behaviours, expectations flow through the organisations procedures, process and intranet and other systems of communication.

Financial Statement Review Essay

What is the net income for the current fiscal year? Is it up or down from the prior year? Why would this information be important to investors? The total consolidated net income for Fiscal Year 2015 is $17,099 million dollars. This is amount is up from the previous Fiscal Year (2014) which had a consolidated net income of $16,695 million dollars. This information can be found on page 38 of the Walmart 2015 Annual Report. This information would be of importance to investors because it indicates whether the company is prospering financially and generating revenue. What is the ending balance in stockholders’ equity? Why would a labor union potentially be interested in this information? The ending balance in stockholders’ equity is $323 million dollars. This information can be found on page 40 of the Annual Report. This information would be of potential interest to a labor union because it provides information that could be used in determining labor rates, work salaries, and employee benefits. What is the total value of assets? Why would this information be important to a potential creditor? The total values of assets is $101,381 million dollars which can be found on page 60 of the Annual Report. This information would be of importance to a potential creditor because it provides an indication of whether the company would be able to repay any accumulated debt. It also provides a picture of how liquid those assets might be. What is the total cash flow from operation? The total cash flow from operations is $17,099 million dollars which can be found on page 41 of the Annual Report. What financial statement user would find this information most important?